The Storminess Record from Armagh Observatory, N. Ireland 1796-2002.

Introduction

Armagh Observatory was established in 1790 by Archbishop Richard Robinson. Robinson was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh (Butler and Hoskins 1987). Although the main focus of the Observatory was astronomy, daily meteorological records were kept from 1794, when the Observatory became operational. Only air temperature and barometric pressure were recorded during 1794 and 1795. From 1796 to 1843 wind direction was also recorded and a brief written daily weather comment was also included in the daily weather register. The daily description of weather included reference to storms and their effects. The only gap in the record is from mid-1825 to 1832 when no weather data was collected. In addition, no daily weather descriptions were recorded for 1883. From 1844 to the present there is also wind strength data, mostly instrumental but also some observer data. This makes this dataset the longest ongoing weather record on the island of Ireland.

The Observatory is located on top of a drumlin on its own site of approximately 14 acres. The Observatory although located on the edge of Armagh city is still predominantly surrounded by farmland and the playing fields of a number of schools. The city has grown in size from around 7,000 to 15,000 people over the study period and is highly dispersed and low density. A study by Coughlin and Butler (1998) showed the effects of urbanisation on the mean air temperature at the Observatory were minimal. However, the one threat to the quality of the wind data from the Observatory was the growth of trees around the main building. This led to the original cup anemometer on the roof of the Observatory to be abandoned in favour of the more suitable site of the Back Lawn where the current meteorological site is located. This paper will examine the weather diary record of storms in Armagh from 1796 to 1999 and the instrumental/observation record from 1844-1999 and will highlight some of the difficulties in assembling such chronologies, even from one site.

The weather diary record from 1796-1999.

This data was abstracted from the daily weather diary. From the earliest weather diaries the recording of storms seems to have been a key component of the description (Appendix 1). The definition of a storm used was the use of the words ‘tempest’, ‘storm’ or ‘gale’ in the written description. The description must clearly indicate that this event was not a gust, thunderstorm or snowstorm and that the wind was sustained for a length of time. Table 1 contains a brief list of some of the most noteworthy storms that have affected Armagh as recorded in the weather diaries.

Table 1 The most noteworthy storms that have affected Armagh as recorded in the weather diaries.

1799 May 17 stormy (SW) morning with rain. Cloudy day - a meteor. A

rainy stormy night

1810 Dec 21 heavy gale with rain. Violent gale and showers all day and

evening (Lightning and meteor at night) (WbyS WbyN)

Table 1 Continued.

1817 Feb 8 Stormy and overcast. Heavy rain in the evening - A meteor towards the north (WSW)

1817 Mar 3 Trees blown out of their roots in the evening of this day.

Stormy - with showers of rain, snow and hail. Thunder and

lightning about 6pm in the SSE - distant (W NW)

1818 Feb 28 very wet morning. Blowing with some rain all day - Stormy

night floods (NW)

1818 Apr 8 Stormy, with snow, sleet and rain nearly constant for 24

hours. Great floods (NW)

1819 Feb 21 Floods. Very wet and stormy morning and day - fair evening

and night (NW)

1819 Dec 16 Remarkably stormy morning - heavy rain - great floods -

heavy showers at night (SW)

1821 Nov 30 Haze and drizzle - A very remarkably wet and stormy night.

Trees blown out of roots in several places. (Thunder

distant) (SW NW)

1822 Mar 10 Trees blown out of roots about noon - very stormy (NW).

See Lamb 1991 for more detail on this storm.

1822 Dec 5 Blowing with rain and snow. A very wet and stormy evening

and night. Trees torn out of root about 10pm - great damage

done in Dublin and Liverpool. Calmed after mid-night (W SE

NW)

1823 Feb 11 Snow rapidly melting. Floods stormy and wet evening and

night (SW)

1824 Nov 23 very wet and stormy before day. Floods clouded and blowing

(NW)

1839 Jan 6 a tremendous gale in the night. See Carr 1991 and 1993 and

Lamb 1991 for more detail on this storm.

1842 Jan 25 A fearful gale (see full entry in Appendix 1).

1846 Mar 2 a tremendous gale in night, my wind gauge and round rain

gauge blown down about 2 am. a gale in night the round gauge blown off

1882 Oct 1 heavy gale throughout the day wind blew and rainfall from

SSE, several trees were blown down in the observatory

grounds wind 48 miles at 5 pm. S M.J.

1886 Mar 30 Stormy afternoon, 45 mph at 3.30pm. Splendid aurora 9pm

1927 Jan 28 Violent gale. Rain squalls. Violent gale. Much damage.

Sunshine ball disintegrated by lightning

See Lamb 1991 for more detail on this storm.

1942 Dec 9 High wind: intermittent rain: very gusty. Stormy night.

Aurora seen 20h

1956 Dec 28 Continuous rain, heavy 21h-2.30h, until 5h. Stormy night.

Flooding widespread

1961 Sep 16 Wind rising from early morning (Wind force 9 to 10 to 11)

Probably 12. Considerable structural damage. Subsided late

afternoon. See Lamb 1991 for more detail on this storm.

1965 Nov 17 Stormy night. Stormy. Widespread flooding evening

1976 Jan 2 gale force wind evening storm force at times (24 killed)

The 24 killed refers to Britain, in addition, there were 4 fatalities in Ireland. See Lamb 1991 for more detail on this storm.

Analysis of the weather diary record.

The annual incidence of storms from the descriptive record at Armagh from 1796 to 2000 was plotted and fitted with a 10 year running mean (Fig. 1). Relatively high numbers of storms were recorded from 1796 to 1825 and 1835 to 1844 and it is assumed that the time period between would also contain relatively high numbers of storms (Appendix 2). Three years have more than 30 storms and this includes 1796 with 31. This block of relatively high numbers of storms can be associated with increased storminess symptomatic of the Little Ice Age that probably extended up to end of the 18th century and into the 19th century (Grove 1988). The Little Ice Age was by no means a completely cold period with years of relatively high temperatures as well as periods of cold, storms and disturbed weather. From 1845 to 1910 relatively few storms were recorded at Armagh, typically less than 5 per annum.

A change occurs in the 1890’s with an increase in the numbers of storms being recorded associated with a decline in temperatures. This also coincides with Lamb’s (1991) assessment that the 1890’s was probably the stormiest decade of the 19th century. From 1911 until 1958 there is a generally rising number of storms being recorded. This includes the exceptional year of 1950 when 35 storms were recorded. There is a decline in the number of storms from 1960 to 1976 and this is followed by a pulse of increased numbers of storms being recorded until 1985. This includes 1982, the stormiest year on record with 36 storms. This is followed by a sharp decline in the number of storms being recorded up to and including 1999. This trend has continued in 2000 and 2001.

There is a very clear monthly distribution of gales for Armagh (Fig. 2). Most gales occur in the Winter half of the year most notably January and December (Appendix 3). There is a decline in gales towards the summer half of the year with very few gales occurring from April to August inclusive but all months record some gales.

There is also significant variations in the seasonal distribution of gales from the weather diary (Appendix 4). The Winter (December, January, February) gales plot shows relatively high numbers at the start of the record from 1796 up to the 1840's (Fig. 3). Low number of Winter gales are recorded up until the early 1900's with the exception of a few years in the 1890's. This is followed by a period of relatively high numbers of gales particularly in the 1920's and 1930's and early 1980's. There has been a decline in gales from the mid 1980's onwards. This pattern mirrors the annual totals as would be expected with most gales occurring in Winter. The pattern for Spring (March, April, May) gales is similar to that of the Winter and Annual pattern with mini peaks of gales in 1796, 1800,1821, 1948, 1964-1965, 1968 and 1985 (Fig. 4). The Summer (June, July, August) gales plot is different to this pattern as there is a noticeable cluster most of gales in the 1950's and 1960s with a very exceptional 8 gales in the Summer of 1951 (Fig. 5). The Autumn (September, October, November) gales pattern reverts back to the Winter, Spring and overall pattern (Fig. 6).

One potential weakness with this record is that of observer bias. Work is still ongoing at Armagh in an attempt to identify the meteorological observers and the time periods they covered and so test for bias.

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The observational/measured record from 1844-1999.

The observational/measured record is a much more complex series consisting of six components which have been combined together. The first two components cover the period from 1844 to 1882 and are not directly compatible with the rest of the chronology in a strict methodological sense. The remaining four components from 1883 are relatively easily converted to a single standardised format.

a) Component 1: 1844 January 1 to 1860 March 3.

The data here appears to be based on an early version of the Beaufort land scale to which actual wind speed was added (Table 2). As a result a gale is defined as force 8 but the given miles per hour is only 24mph (1mph =0.87 knots). The effect of using this scale was the over-recording of gales and their strength. As a result only gales that were given as force 12 or force 12+ were used. This would still include a small number of events that would not be classified as gales today. The data was based on twice-daily observation of wind speed and direction, recorded from the anemometer located on the roof of the Observatory. A further minor complication is that prior to 1st April 1852 astronomical time was used, after this date standard Irish Civil Time (Dublin Time) was used. Astronomical time starts at noon as opposed to midnight. All the data in this component has been corrected to civil time.

Table 2 Old Beaufort land scale that was used to cover the period from

1st January 1844 to 3rd March 1860.

Beaufort Number Miles Per Hour

1 3

2 6

3 9

4 12

5 15

6 18

7 21

8 24

9 27

10 30

11 33

12 36+

12+ ?

b) Component 2: 1860 March 26 to 1882 December 31.

Component 2 consists of the total number of miles (1 mile =1.609km) travelled by the anemometer cup in a 12-hour period (Table 3). Clearly it is very difficult to interpret this data in the context of the overall chronology as the minimum miles travelled to guarantee a gale is 39 and the maximum is 565. Obviously the more miles travelled in a 12-hour period the more likely it is that a gale has occurred. An arbitrary figure of 450 miles travelled was chosen to indicate when gales might have occurred. This was checked against a small amount of hourly data that is available for Armagh from 1874-1882. This showed that the 450 miles travelled was an adequate threshold to use as it picked up two gales that occurred during this time period.

It must be noted that two additional 12-hour periods which had totals in excess of 450 miles also occurred, but which were not recorded as gales in the hourly data. Both had sustained periods of high winds. This at least indicates that no gales will be missed using the 450 mile threshold, but that there is likely to be some over-recording of gales. When this threshold is applied to the period from 1860 to 1873 a further seven possible gales can be identified (Table 4). This part of the chronology is based on twice daily observation of wind speed and direction, recorded from the anemometer located on the roof of the Observatory.

Table 3 Scale of measurement for miles travelled in a 12 hour period

Beaufort Miles? Correct Half seconds Pressure Description

Numbers hour by mph during 88 on

wind revolutions square

of drum foot

1 3 1-3 351 0.08 Light Air

2 6 4-7 129.5 0.32 Light Breeze

3 9 8-12 82.7 0.72 Gentle Breeze

4 12 13-18 61.0 1.29 Moderate Breeze

5 15 19-24 48.8 2.02 Fresh Breeze

6 18 25-31 40.3 2.90 Strong Breeze

7 21 32-38 34.5 3.95 Moderate Gale

8 24 39-46 30.1 5.16 Fresh Gale

9 27 47-54 26.7 6.54 Strong Gale

10 30 55-63 24.05 8.07 Whole Gale

11 33 64-72 21.85 9.76 Storm

12 36+ 73-82 20.0 11.62 Hurricane

Table 4 Dates on which miles travelled in a 12 hour period exceeded 450 compared with the hourly data and the weather diary at Armagh Observatory.

Date Miles travelled Gale from Storm from

in 12 hours hourly data weather diary

1863/12/11 479 no data No

1864/2/13 542 no data No

1867/3/14 455 no data No

1871/1/16 464 no data Yes

1872/1/1 478 no data No

1872/1/31 468 no data No

1872/11/6 464 no data No

1875/1/1 461 No No

1880/11/26 450 Yes Yes

1881/11/22 499 Yes No

1881/2/6 468 No No

Component 3: 1883 January 1 to December 31.

The data comes from a separate instrumental hourly time series from the Automatic Weather Station that was in operation. The normal twice daily observations appear not to have been taken or recorded during this year. A gale in this component is designated as 53mph. This is as a result of the correction of the calibration of the Robinson Cup Anemometer which over recorded wind strength by 4/15 or a reduction in the calibration applied to the raw data from 3.0 to 2.2. This calibration correction applies to all measured wind speed using the Robinson Cup Anemometer from 1904 backwards in time. If the earlier data is not recalibrated then the number, duration and strength of gales are dramatically and erroneously increased.

Component 4: 1884 January 1 to 1919 December 31.

The data are based on a modified Beaufort scale using knots where a gale is given as Beaufort force 6 which is given as 34 knots (Table 5). This part of the data set is based on twice-daily observations of wind speed and direction. Any data from 1884 to 1904 was recalibrated as outlined above.

Table 5 Comparison of the different Beaufort scales used from 1st January 1884 to 31st December 2002.

Beaufort Component 4 Component 4 Component 5 Component 6

Number (knots) (mph) (mph) (knots)

0 3 <1 0

1 8 1-3 2

2 13 10 4-7 5

3 18 15 8-12 9

4 23 20 13-18 13

5 28 30 19-24 19

6 34 40 25-31 24

7 40 50-60 32-38 30

8 48 50-60 39-46 37

9 56 70 47-54 44

10 65 80-90 55-63 52

11 75 100 64-72 60

12 90 110 73-82 69

Component 5: 1920 January 1 to 1958 December 31.

This is a standard Beaufort scale where a gale is equal to Force 8 or 39 mph (Table 5). The data are as a result of twice-daily observations of wind speed and direction from the back lawn of the Observatory.

Component 6: 1959 January 1 to 1999 December 31.

This is a standard Beaufort scale where a gale is 37 knots which is the mid-point of Beaufort Force 8 when using knots (Table 5). The data are based on twice-daily observations of wind speed and direction from the back lawn of the Observatory. From 7th March 1965 onwards the data is based on once a day observation at 0900 GMT.

Analysis of the instrumental/observational record

The instrumental/observational days with gale record was plotted from 1844 to 1999 and fitted with a 10-year running mean (Fig. 7). This includes the data from 1844 to 1883 which although not directly comparable with the remainder of the data set has been included as outlined in the methodology described above. Four distinct periods of increased occurrence of days with gale can be identified. These are 1884 to 1905, 1917-1919, 1947 to 1964 and 1977 to 1991 Since 1993 no gales have been recorded at Armagh at the 0900 GMT observation. Clearly, from the data there is a quasi-cyclical occurrence of increased numbers of days with gales with a mean cycle of 31 years or 27 years if the less prominent increase in days with gales from1868 to 1874 is included.

The second item to note is the spike of increased days with gales during 1918 and 1919, these were the two highest individual years with 24 and 12 gales respectively. The only other year that comes close to this number of gales being recorded is 1982 when 12 gales were observed. Clearly this anomaly is worthy of further research. A check of other Irish meteorological stations showed that some had the spike and some did not (Table 6). The spike is clearly evident at Belmullet, is evident only in 1918 at Malin Head, and evident only in 1919 in the two most southerly stations at Roches Point and Valentia; it is not present at Donaghdee. It is not clear what caused this dramatic increase in the number of days with gales being recorded. It is also possible to speculate that the spread of the influenza virus that killed in excess of 20 million people during this time period may have been aided by increased storminess.

Table 6 The number of days with gales recorded at Armagh Observatory, Roches Point, Valentia, Belmullet, Donaghee, Malin Head for 1918 and 1919.

Days with gale

Station 1918 1919

Armagh Observatory 24 12

Roches Point 4 18

Valentia 9 12

Belmullet 67 28

Malin Head 37 8

Donaghdee 6 4

There is a very clear monthly distribution of gales for Armagh similar to that of the weather diary, but there are some differences (Fig. 8). Most gales occur in four months only from November to February (Appendix 6). There are relatively low numbers of gales for the remaining eight months of the year from March to October inclusive with gales being recorded for every month of the year.

Insert Fig. 7 here

Insert Fig. 8 here

There is also significant variations in the seasonal distribution of gales from the instrumental/observational data from 1884 to 2000 (Appendix 7). The Winter (December, January and February) gales plot shows relatively high numbers in the early 1900's, the 1920's the late 1950's, the early 1980's and the early 1990's. This is a slightly different pattern to that from the weather (Fig. 9). Low number of Winter gales are recorded from 1907 to 1917, the 1930's, the 1940;s, surprisingly the 1960s, the 1970's and most of the 1990's. This pattern to some extent mirrors the annual totals as would be expected with most gales occurring in Winter.

The pattern for Spring (March, April and May) gales is similar to that of the Winter and Annual pattern but with much lower numbers of gales. This plot is noticeable for the exceptional value of 7 gales in the Spring of 1919 as discussed earlier (Fig. 10). The Summer (June, July and August) gales plot just shows the occasional gale one summer in every ten or so on average (Fig. 11). The Autumn (September, October and November) gales pattern reverts back to the Winter, Spring and overall pattern but with 12 gales recorded in Autumn 1918 three times higher than the next highest Autumn total (Fig. 12).

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Insert Fig. 11 here

Insert Fig. 12 here

Comparison of the two records of storminess at Armagh Observatory

from 1884 to 1999.

As a result of the differences of the two methodologies in generating the storm chronologies it would be exceedingly unlikely that the two records would match numerically but that they should match in terms of the trends. The weather diary dataset would be expected to produce more gales/storms as it covers the whole day and not just one or two specific measurements per day. At the annual level there is a strong similarity for most of the record (Fig. 13). The only periods when the match is relatively poor is 1896 to 1908 and the spike years of 1918 and 1919. In both these cases there was more observation of gales than that recorded in the weather diary. This indicates that the meteorological observer was failing to record storms in the daily weather diary.

A similar pattern emerges when the 10-year running mean of the two chronologies are compared (Fig. 14). The exception is the period from 1922 to 1936 when the observation record shows a rising incidence of storms, whereas the weather diary shows a declining incidence of storms. The peaks in gale/storm incidence in the 1950’s and 1980’s are clearly shown as the intervening trough in the 1960’s. The decline in gales/storms in the 1990’s is evident in both records.

Long and short term changes in storminess

The long term trend in storminess in Armagh as identified in the two different records was calculated using a linear regression. This was also compared with linear regressions from the three west coast stations at Valentia, Belmullet and Malin Head (Table 7). The regressions at the 95% confidence level show that the Armagh and Valentia records show no significant tend although the Valentia hourly shows an increase of 1 gale per year every 14 years. Belmullet shows a decline of 1 gale every 5 years over the length of record, whereas, Malin Head shows an increase of nearly 1 gale every 3 years. There is no overall pattern for these four stations.

Table 7 Linear regressions of the number of days with gales recorded at Armagh Observatory, Valentia, Belmullet, Malin Head full record.

(All linear regressions at the 95% confidence level and based on complete years only)

Full record 1970-99

Armagh (observation) 1884-1999 -0.02 -0.22

Armagh (description) 1796-1999 -0.03 -0.15

Valentia (hourly data) 1874-1999 +0.03 -0.15

Valentia (observation) 1876-1999 +0.07

Belmullet (observation) 1885-1999 -0.19 +0.29 (hourly

Malin Head (observation) 1885-1999 +0.31 +0.86 (hourly)

Insert Fig. 13 here

Insert Fig. 14 here

In order to examine the recent changes in storminess in Armagh over the 30-year period from 1970-1999 linear regressions of the two different measures of storminess were calculated. Again this was compared with linear regressions from the three west coast stations at Valentia, Belmullet and Malin Head (Table 7). This shows some very different results in comparison with the overall regression figures. Armagh and Valentia show a decline in the number of gales being recorded of the order of 1 every 5 to 7 years, whereas Belmullet shows an increase of nearly 1 gale every 3 years and Malin Head showing an increase of nearly 1 gale every year. This indicates an overall pattern of the south and east receiving fewer gales and the north and west receiving more gales, possibly, indicating a northward shift in storm tracks, which Armagh Observatory because of its low gale environment is not yet picking up. This is supported by the only other published storm chronology for Ireland which is for Dublin from 1715-1999 (Sweeney, 2000). A decadal comparison between the Dublin record and the two Armagh record shows substantial similarities, but also some differences (Fig. 15).

As a result of incomplete decadal totals, it is only possible to do the comparison from the 1840’s onwards. From 1840 until the early part of the 20th century relative low levels of storms are being recorded. For the next 40 years the Dublin record more closely resembles the Armagh instrumental/observation record, even in terms of numbers of storms being recorded. From the 1960’s onwards the Dublin record more closely resembles the description record in terms of the general trend, but the actual numbers of storms are very different. The comparison also suggests that there is a decadal lag between Dublin and Armagh in terms of peaks and troughs. The decade with the most storms in Armagh is the 1950’s whereas in Dublin it is the 1960’s.

Conclusions

Very significant variations in storminess have been recorded over the last 200 years for Armagh observatory despite the sheltered inland nature of the site. This includes evidence for increased storminess at the end of the Little Ice Age. However, there is no evidence of increased storminess over the last 30 years. When similar records from other Irish stations are examined, there is some evidence of a possible northwards movement of the storm tracks that have affected the island of Ireland over the last 30 years.

Insert Fig. 15 here

References

Butler C.J. and Hoskin M. (1987) The archives of Armagh Observatory, Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 18, p295-307.

Carr P. (1991) The Big Wind - The Story of the Legendary Big Wind

of 1839 Ireland's Greatest Natural disaster, Belfast, The White

Row Press.

Carr P. (1993) The Night of The Big Wind - The Story of the Legendary Big Wind of 1839 Ireland's Greatest Natural disaster, 2nd Edition, Belfast, The White Row Press.

Coughlin A.D.S. and Butler C.J. (1998) Is urban spread affecting the mean temperature at Armagh Observatory, Irish Astronomical Journal, Vol. 25 (2), p125-128.

Grove J. (1988) The Little Ice Age, London, Methuen, 498pp.

Lamb H.H. (1991) Historic storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 204pp.

Sweeney J. (2000) A three-century storm chronology for Dublin 1715-2000, Irish Geography Vol. 33 (1), p1-14.

Appendix 1 Armagh Observatory Relevant Abstracts of Daily Weather Diary Entries of Tempests, Storms or Gales from 1796-1999.

Year Month Day Description and wind direction

1796 1 2 Bright morning. Stormy (WNW) cloudy noon. Bright

evening

1796 1 12 Bright morning. stormy (SW) evening

1796 1 13 Very rainy and stormy (SW)

1796 1 23 Exceeding stormy (SSW). much rain great Gale this

night. Mercury in barometer heaving

1796 1 24 Morning fine. Evening very stormy (SSW) Barometer

mercury heaving

1796 1 25 Morning very stormy (W). Evening calmer. Mercury

still heaving

1796 1 26 Stormy (W) with bright intervals

1796 2 3 Cold frosty morning. Fine day - then heavy rain

gale (SSW) of wind (alternative SW then S)

1796 2 19 overcast damp morning: damp (W fresh gale)

1796 3 14 Cloudy overcast morning. Blowing fresh.

High gale (SW) at night

1796 3 15 After a heavy gale (S) cleared up. and a calm cloudy

morning. Rain all the evening

1796 4 21 Bright with a heavy gale (SE) of wind - barometer

heaving

1796 4 23 Heavy gale from (SE) bright at intervals. Heavy

showers towards evening - Barometer heaving

1796 5 6 overcast day. night stormy (NE) with rain

1796 5 12 Very stormy (SW) and showery day. Hail. Bright

evening

1796 5 13 Stormy (WbyS then WbyN) morning. then bright and

bright evening. Mercury in barometer heaving

1796 5 14 Stormy (W)and showery until evening, then bright at

intervals

1796 5 28 Very stormy (SbyW) day until sunset then bright until

near midnight

1796 5 29 Very stormy (SbyW) with hail at intervals. Calmer but

cloudy night

1796 6 26 Heavy gale (WbyN) from morning to evening then

bright. Mercury in barometer heaving (alternate barometer heaving at 3 in the morning until 6, afternoon heavy gale from W, then bright until 11)

1796 7 16 Showery day but bright noon. very stormy (W and SW)

night (alternate Bright noon- otherwise showery day

and night and very stormy)

1796 7 17 Very stormy (W and SW) and wet day and night

1796 7 20 Very rainy and stormy (SbyE then byW) day and night

1796 7 25 Showery and stormy (SW) day. overcast night

1796 10 4 Overcast day and night heavy gale (W and SW. W) of

wind

1796 12 3 Gale (W) of wind and rain

1796 12 5 Heavy gale (WNW) with sleety rain and snowing all

day, cleared up at night.

1796 12 26 Very high wind and gentle thaw then a gale of wind

from EbyS (SE)

1796 12 27 Heavy sky, hard gale (E) day and night

1796 12 28 Heavy gale (SE) and some snow then sleet and rain

1796 12 29 Heavy gale (SE. SW) of wind and rain great damp

1797 1 3 Heavy black sky gale (SE SSE) of wind

the same all day violent rain and heavy gale

1797 1 4 after a night of storm (SWW SSE) and rain. Damp hazy

day

1797 1 13 Heavy gale (SSE SWW) and great rains cleared at night

1797 1 20 Heavy gale from (WbyS) great damp

1797 1 21 Heavy gale (W) with small rain at night. Soft day

gale and small rain

1797 1 22 Heavy gale (WSW WbyS) with rain cleared up and windy

night at times bright

1797 1 23 Heavy gale (W) in the night dark morning overcast day

and night

1797 1 27 Very early in the morning a gale (SbyW) of wind

tempest and rain all day

1797 1 28 Bright calm morning overcast evening a gale (W) at

night

1797 1 29 A blowing bright morning overcast at noon at might a

dark and heavy gale (W)

1797 1 30 Overcast heavy gale (W WbyS) small rain at night

heavy gale and heavy rain

1797 1 31 in the past night very heavy gale (WbyN) of wind

deluge of rain morning blustery

1797 2 1 constant gales (W) of wind and rain ceased 10 am

1797 3 2 Cloudy blowing morning and day. at night bright and

a gale (SSE) of wind

1797 3 4 Constant rain and wind all the past night and morning

rain and heavy gale (SSE ESE) at night

1797 9 28 mostly overcast brisk gale (S) a fine day

1797 9 29 strong gale (S) small rain overcast day bright

1797 10 15 Brisk gale (WbyS) no rain quite overcast

1797 10 18 A brisk gale (WbyS) flying clouds some light showers.

Overcast and bright alternatively

1797 12 12 Cleared up at 19h after a most tempestuous night of

deluge and storm from SbyE blowing day (W)

1797 12 19 Blowy morning after a stormy (W) night fine day brisk

wind

1797 12 25 Windy morn then almost constant rain all day and

a heavy gale (SSW) of wind

1797 12 26 A very damp stormy (SSW) morning and blowing overcast

day

1798 1 4 High gale (SSW WbyN) and rain all day - cloudy at

night

1798 1 20 Calm grey morning overcast day high gale (SSW) at

night

1798 1 28 Showery and inclined to blow and rain heavy sky at

night a gale (SW) of wind

1798 1 29 Deluge and storm (SbyW WSW) all night and morning

windy noon cleared up

1798 2 13 Hard gales (W) with heavy showers

1798 2 14 Hard gales (W) with heavy showers rain all night

1798 4 3 Bright morning then overcast at noon at 5pm

Heavy gale (EbyS) and constant rain

1798 11 2 high wind cloudy and threatening rain. Fair day hazy

night. Gale (SbyW) of wind

1798 11 21 Cold blowing morning and day at night a high gale

(ESE) of wind

1798 11 27 after constant rain and gale (SW) of wind a blowing

morning, noon and night

1798 12 13 cloudy day and heavy gale (E) of wind all day and all

night

1798 12 14 overcast day hazy gale of wind

1799 1 15 blowy damp morning and day at night gale (SbyW) of

wind from

1799 2 8 Heavy gale (E) with snow all day - at night much snow

and heavy gale

1799 2 9 After a heavy gale at 5 a thaw - all day hazy sky and

brisk wind at bright night

1799 2 21 very heavy gale (SSW) and rain all night. Gale and

rain

1799 2 24 very hard gale all night and morning

1799 3 13 rain in the night blowing morning and heavy gales

(NbyE) all day and evening

1799 5 17 stormy (SW) morning with rain. Cloudy day - a meteor.

a rainy stormy night

1799 6 4 an overcast stormy (NW) morning. wind and rain after

a very severe night. rain at noon. Blowing cloudy day a very wet evening an overcast night

1799 8 30 stormy (NW) weather with very clouded sky, and some

rain. A mostly clear night

1799 9 16 a mostly bright morning with wind and a thick haze.

an overcast day with rain. Same evening and night. Stormy (SW)

1799 9 22 a dark morning early. afterwards most severe rain

with wind. Stormy (NE) evening and night. Wind and rain

1799 9 26 a stormy (SW) morning wind and wet rain. pretty far

until 3pm after that heavy rain until evening. A very

clear night later

1799 10 3 an overcast morning after a stormy (NNW) night. Same

weather as yesterday with frequent lightning. A stormy wet night

1799 10 4 a stormy (NNW) morning with rain. Same weather as

yesterday. A very clear evening and night

1799 10 11 a stormy (SE) morning with rain. a clouded day but

fair. A blowing evening and night with heavy clouds

1799 10 12 a stormy (SE) morning with some rain. Same all day. a

very severe wind and rain from 2.30 to 4.30 pm. A very clear night

1799 10 31 a clouded morning with some rain flying clouds with

wind. A stormy (S) night with rain

1799 11 3 a very wet morning and day. Stormy (SE) and wet

towards evening. Rain at night

1799 11 7 Heavy gale (W) all night (i.e. this morning) a clear

evening and night

1799 11 13 Blowing night and morning heavy rain until 2pm. Heavy

gale (WbyS)

1800 1 5 overcast morning very hard gale(SSE). Damp and rain

with wind. Cold day and evening

1800 1 7 overcast blowy morning some rain. Damp overcast day.

Gale (SSE) of wind at night

1800 1 23 afternoon gale (SbyW) and constant rain all night.

Day cloudy

1800 1 28 Heavy gale (SSW) all night and morning squalls of

rain

1800 3 9 Hazy sky blowing fresh at noon. Heavy gale (E SbyE)

of rain and hail

1800 3 10 Heavy snow and fresh gale (SE)

1800 4 2 overcast stormy(SW W) wet morning night squalls and

bright intervals

1800 4 5 Heavy gale (S) of rain and wind high wind and flying

showers

1800 4 16 High gale (SE S) of rain all night, a storm of wind

and rain at noon

1800 4 19 Overcast stormy (W) and wet. Heavy squalls and

showers all day

1800 4 21 heavy gale (W) in evening night blowing hard. Fine

day with showers

1800 4 25 Wind, haze and clouds. stormy (NW) towards the

afternoon. A very wet night

1800 5 17 a storm (NE) of wind and rain from about 13h, this

day more moderate towards the evening

1800 6 20 a stormy (WSW) morning with some showers from 3am and

wind, clouds and showers all day. Cloudy

evening and night

1800 9 21 a stormy (SSW) day of wind, rain and thunder

1800 9 24 a very severe shower in the morning. Same in the

afternoon. A very wet and stormy (SW) evening and

night

1800 9 29 blowing morning after a wet night - hard gales (W)

and showers

1800 10 26 clear morning and calm. Cloudy weather, gales (SW) a

clap of thunder

1801 1 4 bright morning blowing and raining all day and

evening. Heavy gale (S) and rain

1801 1 5 Heavy gale (S and SW) of wind in the night windy day

at night calm

1801 1 15 Heavy gale (S) of wind and rain, pretty clear

evening, but showery night

1801 1 19 overcast with thick haze, a wet evening and stormy

(W) night

1801 1 22 Several showers in the morning. Clouded and rather

stormy (W) all day. Snow in the evening

1801 2 3 Heavy gale (SbyW S) and much rain. Open day and

evening at night gale and rain

1801 2 25 Extremely heavy constant rain - at night heavy gale

(SbyW W) of wind

1801 2 28 Hazy, damp and blowing morning and day.

At night high gale (S) of wind and rain

1801 5 14 a storm (SW) of wind and rain from the SW from 9am to

3pm a clouded evening with showers

1801 11 2 Heavy gale (N) with sleet all morning

1801 11 26 Heavy gale (NW) in the night calm morning. Heavy

squalls and snow showers

1802 1 31 Hazy day Heavy gale of wind (SW)

1802 2 3 Fine day and bright night Heavy gale of wind and

rain (WS)

1802 2 4 Wind gale with rain continued all day and all evening

(SW W WbyN)

1802 3 21 Heavy gale and rain all night. Overcast partly

looking black very wet (S W)

1802 4 12 Stormy with showers of hail and snow and some thunder

about 3pm (SW)

1802 10 3 a hazy day a very stormy evening with thunder and

violent rain (SW)

1802 12 2 Heavy gale and constant rain (SbyE)

1802 12 3 Heavy gale and constant rain (SbyS)

1802 12 10 Heavy gale and rain in the night. Squalls and showers

- day and night (NbyW)

1802 12 29 Heavy gale of wind and rain (S)

1803 1 6 Heavy gale of wind and rain (SSE)

1803 2 15 overcast blowing and wet a heavy gale all night

(WbyS)

1803 2 24 Heavy gale in the night morning calm and overcast (W)

1803 3 3 clear with gales and slight snow showers (NNE)

1803 4 19 gale of wind and rain all the night of 18th gales

and hail (NW)

1803 10 3 Sharp rain dry day from 4am Evening clouds and gales

(NE NW)

1803 10 16 Hard gale and rain in night. High winds heavy rains

(SW)

1803 10 19 Heavy gale and constant rain - all day (SW)

1803 12 10 Early in the morning a very heavy gale with violent

rain (SbyE)

1803 12 23 bright morning before noon wind changed to S and at

night heavy gale and rain (W S)

1803 12 27 Blowing hard with rain night after tempest of rain

and wind (SEbyW)

1804 1 30 Heavy rain and great gale (SbyE)

1804 3 9 after a heavy gale and rain a soft wet day and

afternoon (SbyW)

1804 3 25 Extremely heavy snow storm and gale of wind (NW)

1804 3 26 very constant snow and heavy gale day and evening

(NE)

1804 7 8 Heavy clouds with rain - stormy night (S)

1804 7 9 overcast and stormy wind wild all day. a clear night

(NW)

1804 10 4 Stormy with rain (SSE)

1805 1 3 blowing hard afternoon and heavy rain and gale of

wind all day (S)

1805 1 6 blowing and rainy damp air heavy gale and rain at

night (SW)

1805 1 19 very heavy gale and constant rain all day wind

changed at 4pm (SbyE WSW)

1805 2 24 Violent gale in the night and heavy squalls all day

(WbyS)

1805 2 28 Gale in the night. Heavy showers of hail and rain

(NW)

1805 3 11 Overcast hazy day afternoon heavy gale and rain all

evening (SbyE)

1805 12 21 Heavy gale all night a hazy day with rain. Clear sky

at night (W)

1805 12 31 Heavy gale and rain (SW)

1806 1 6 very heavy gale in the night and hazy overcast day

(W)

1806 1 7 A fair dry morning very heavy gale with rain all day

(SW)

1806 1 10 dreadful gale all night with rain (SbyW)

1806 1 19 after a heavy gale calm morning fair day with small

showers (WbyN)

1806 1 23 after a blowy wet night fair calm. Heavy gale and

rain (SW)

1806 1 24 Heavy gale and rain all night fair morning but blowy

(WbyN)

1806 6 6 Hard gale with showers and strong squalls. Fair in

the evening (W NW)

1806 10 22 hazy and stormy with rain clear late (NW)

1806 11 2 Stormy, with much rain (SE)

1806 11 7 clouded morning and day - stormy and wet night (SW)

1806 11 19 clear morning stormy and wet day clouded evening -

clear night (WSW)

1806 12 5 Stormy with rain (SW)

1806 12 13 Severe storm of wind and rain (NW)

1806 12 15 Fine and clear. Stormy and wet evening and night (W)

1806 12 16 Mostly good morning but stormy and wet afterwards.

Clear evening (W)

1806 12 21 mostly clear day. wet stormy night (NW SW)

1806 12 22 Stormy and wet (SW)

1806 12 23 Stormy and clouded (W SW)

1807 8 13 Rain in the morning. Blowing day rather stormy. clear

evening (SE)

1807 10 7 very clouded weather - stormy in the evening - heavy

showers at night (SW)

1807 10 22 Clouded morning blowing day pretty clear evening.

Heavy gale at (NW)

1807 12 28 hard gale and raining, cleared up but hazy (SW)

1808 1 14 violent gale of wind, calm at night (N)

1808 1 28 snow showers heavy gale (WbyS)

1808 10 8 Stormy, with showers (NW)

1808 10 13 overcast but fine. Much rain and very stormy at night

(W SW)

1808 10 25 Stormy, with a great deal of rain (WSW)

1808 11 14 Fine gray weather - A stormy night with rain (WNW)

1808 11 15 very overcast but fair - A very stormy night, with

rain (NW)

1808 11 16 Stormy, but fair - Flying clouds some slight showers.

A clear interval in the evening (SW)

1808 11 29 very overcast. Wet and stormy evening and night (NW

SW)

1808 12 1 A good deal of cloud and haze - A stormy and wet

evening and night (WNW)

1809 1 4 overcast and stormy. A great fall of snow at night

late (NE SE)

1809 1 14 Blowing and hazy cold wind all day at night gale of

wind (E)

1809 2 15 Heavy rain then hazy afternoon at night gale of wind

(SW)

1809 2 15 Hazy and stormy afternoon heavy rain at night gale of

wind (SW)

1809 11 24 Blowing with clouds and slight showers. Rather stormy

- clear night (W)

1809 12 6 Blowing with clouds and haze - very damp. stormy

and wet night (SSW)

1809 12 8 Rather stormy (NW)

1809 12 14 Blowing with clouds - very stormy evening and night

with rain and snow (S)

1809 12 28 Rain in the morning - hazy. Stormy night (NW)

1810 1 30 Fine clear morning. Clouded afternoon. Wet and stormy

all night (W SW)

1810 2 12 Clouded with some slight rain. Wet and stormy night

(SSE)

1810 2 22 A blowing overcast morning and day. A wet and stormy

night (SSW)

1810 2 24 Rain in the morning clouded with some rain all day.

Stormy night (SSW)

1810 3 24 Blowing overcast - hard gale at night (EbyS)

1810 3 25 Very heavy gale and rains all day and night (ESE)

1810 3 26 Blowing hard with rain and wind all day at night gale

and heavy rain (SbyE)

1810 4 9 overcast morning heavy gale and rain (EbyS)

1810 10 22 Stormy, with heavy showers (S)

1810 11 14 Very stormy and wet (SSW)

1810 11 21 Heavy gale with rain, rain all day and night (EbyS)

1810 11 26 Heavy gale and rain, rain lashed all day calm night

showery (SSE)

1810 12 20 Heavy gale with rain (S)

1810 12 21 heavy gale with rain. Violent gale and showers all

day and evening (Lightning and meteor at night) (WbyS

WbyN)

1811 1 10 Heavy gale and rain continued gale and rain damp

overcast night calm (SbyE)

1811 1 12 Wet and stormy morning hazy and blowing day. At night

heavy gale and rain (SSW S)

1811 1 15 Heavy gale with snow and sleet all day and evening -

thunder in the south almost 2 miles (SW)

1811 1 16 morning thaw on the ground at night gale with sleet

(SW)

1811 1 17 Heavy gale rain and thaw - fair evening (SW NW)

1811 1 20 gale of wind and rain - heavy gale and rain in the

evening (S)

1811 2 17 Heavy snow and sleet high wind, heavy gale all the

afternoon and evening (SE S)

1811 2 26 Heavy gale and heavy rain all night blowing hard at

first (SSW)

1811 2 27 Heavy gale and violent rain all night and day (SW)

1811 3 3 Heavy gale and exceptional rain then hard squalls and

some slight showers (WNW)

1811 10 10 Blowing and overcast. Stormy with some rain at night

(SW)

1811 10 12 stormy and wet morning. Blowing day and evening etc

but clear night (SW)

1811 10 31 Clouded morning Rain afternoon very wet and stormy

evening and night. Cleared up before midnight (ESE SW)

1811 11 4 very fine and clear with a breeze. Very stormy at

night with rain (W SW)

1811 11 15 Tempest of rain and wind - bitter day with squally

wet night (W)

1811 12 1 Blowing hard and hazy hard gale at night (SW)

1811 12 4 Squalls, more showers snow and storm (NW)

1811 12 15 wet morning open day damp and overcast night wet and

gale of wind (SW)

1811 12 16 Stormy afternoon a very bad night and rainy. Cold (W)

1812 1 27 Heavy gale and rain fair day wet night (WSW)

1812 1 28 wet and blowing a gale all day and night (SSW)

1812 1 29 very overcast and wet all day at night heavy gale

(SbyW)

1812 1 31 very heavy gale and rain (SbyE)

1812 2 20 Blowing a gale and some rain afternoon. Bright night

blowing fresh (SW)

1812 2 21 Tempest and rain (S)

1812 2 22 Cloudy and dry, blowing fresh wet night and gale of

wind (W)

1812 2 25 Heavy gale and great rain (SW)

1812 3 21 Heavy gale and snow gale all day evening blowing hard

with rain (EbyN)

1812 3 27 Heavy gale with rain all day and evening great fall

of rain (SSE S)

1812 3 30 Heavy gale all night and rain cold day wet haze (E)

1812 3 31 Violent gale with rain all day and evening and night

(E)

1812 4 26 heavy gale with sleety rain - afternoon fair but

blowing and snow clouds (NNE)

1812 10 3 Blowing and hazy. Stormy and wet night (SW)

1812 10 18 Rain in the morning. Dry in day - a very wet and

stormy night (SE SW)

1812 10 21 Fine, with some clouds. Stormy and wet night (W SW)

1812 10 22 Stormy, with heavy showers. A wet and stormy night

(SW)

1812 10 31 Fine, with haze and a breeze. A wet and stormy night

(W SW)

1812 11 16 A very wet morning. Clouded day wet and stormy night

(NE)

1813 1 6 Stormy and wet (S)

1813 1 10 Clouded and hazy with some light rain - wet and

stormy night (SW)

1813 2 8 Blowing and mostly raining. Stormy and wet bright

later (SW)

1813 2 12 Very clouded. A very stormy and wet night (WNW)

1813 2 15 Clouded and blowing with rain afternoon. Stormy night

(WSW)

1813 2 19 Blowing, with some rain. Stormy at night (SW)

1813 2 20 Blowing, but mostly fair. Wet and very stormy night

(SW)

1813 2 21 Fine morning - very wet afternoon - very stormy night

(SSE SSW)

1813 2 26 Stormy morning with some rain. Blowing day with

flying clouds. Stormy night, with rains (SW)

1813 3 2 Hazy, with some showers. Stormy at night (SW)

1813 3 19 Blowing and clouded - stormy at night (W)

1813 3 21 Stormy and overcast with a good deal of rain (SSW)

1813 5 24 Wet and stormy (SW NW)

1813 6 11 Clouded with some rain. Wet and stormy evening and

night (SW)

1813 11 9 Rather stormy, but clear mostly at night blowing hard

- a gale (W)

1813 11 12 Heavy gale and rain in the past night bright windy

and fair morning (W)

1813 11 17 Heavy gale last night and snow in the morning (NW)

1814 2 29 Heavy gale all night and rain (W)

1814 8 12 Clouded morning and day wet and stormy at night (SSE)

1814 10 10 Thick haze in the morning - Rain in the afternoon -

A very wet and stormy night (variable)

1814 11 11 Blowing, wet and very overcast. Wet and stormy night

(SW)

1814 12 3 damp overcast morning - stormy and wet evening and

night (SSW)

1814 12 14 overcast morning then heavy rain at night gale of

wind (SW)

1814 12 16 Stormy, with some showers. High wind all day and

evening (SW)

1814 12 17 heavy gale and rain (SW)

1815 1 11 hard gale with rain in the night fair day (W)

1815 2 8 fresh gale and heavy rain all day at night cleared up

1815 2 25 Great rain heavy gale at (SW)

1815 3 8 Tempest in the night of wind and rain fair morning

(W)

1815 3 23 very wet day fresh wind tempestuous day and fresh

wind at night (WbyS)

1815 3 26 night cold in tempest and rain wet morning cleared

about noon at night wind and rain (S)

1815 3 27 Tempestuous night of wind and rain. Blowing hard

(WbyS)

1815 3 29 Blowing hard gale and heavy rain (SW)

1815 6 22 Blowing fresh flying clouds. heavy gale and clouds

evening. No rain (W)

1815 9 25 Fair and blowing rain and stormy (SSW)

1815 10 13 very heavy rain and gale continued all forenoon and

evening heavy gale (SSE)

1815 10 18 severe rain and gale storm of rain and wind cleared

up in the evening (S W)

1815 10 23 cloudy afternoon. Tempest of wind and rain all night

(S)

1815 10 26 Clouded and wet afternoon. Stormy and rainy night

(SW)

1815 11 15 continued rain in the night then gale of wind SW and

fair morning (SW NW)

1815 12 12 Fine, but overcast. Clouded and stormy at night rain

at night (NW SW)

1815 12 15 Fair early. Showers with a gale snow later (SW)

1815 12 20 very heavy snow and drifting with high wind. Stormy

in the evening clouded night (NE)

1816 1 6 Fine, but some clouds; blowing in the evening stormy

at night (WNW)

1816 1 11 Stormy, with showers. clear later (WNW)

1816 1 16 Fine, with a good deal of haze - wet and stormy at

night (WNW)

1816 2 24 Stormy morning with showers - cleared about noon (SW)

1816 2 25 Stormy before day - Blowing with hail showers - clear

night (W)

1816 2 26 Muggy and afterwards clouded stormy night later (NW)

1816 2 27 Stormy morning showery foggy clear at night later

(NW)

1816 3 4 Mostly clouded - A heavy hail shower afternoon.

Stormy night with snow and sleet (W)

1816 3 6 Snow and sleet in the morning afterwards rain stormy

clouded night (ESE)

1816 3 18 very stormy morning with showers of hail and sleet

(SSW NW)

1816 3 19 Stormy morning more moderate day settled evening

clouded night (NNW)

1816 5 16 Stormy, with rain - clearer at night (NE)

1816 10 23 Fine morning Blowing wind changed to SSE a storm

(SSW)

1816 11 8 Hazy stormy evening with snow drift and rain (SW)

1816 11 9 Clouded and overcast with slight rain. stormy with

showers in the evening (SSE NNE)

1816 11 11 Hazy morning stormy and wet days - stormy night (SW

NW)

1816 12 5 Incessant rain and wind from 2 in the morning all day

- stormy evening very wet night (SSE)

1816 12 26 Stormy morning haze and clouds snow showers intervals

clear (SW)

1817 1 22 Blowing. Hazy. Storm at night (SW)

1817 1 23 Storm abated about 10h dark and cloudy night (SWbyW

1817 2 8 Stormy and overcast. Heavy rain in the evening - A

meteor towards the north (WSW)

1817 2 15 Fine morning afterwards stormy with showers. wet and

stormy night (WNW)

1817 2 23 very overcast and a good deal of rain - stormy in the

evening (SW)

1817 2 26 Blowing, with frequent showers. Rain and stormy at

night (W)

1817 2 27 Storm of wind rain and hail. Thunder from 3 until 4

am with showers all day clouded evening (NW)

1817 2 28 Blowing and overcast wet and stormy night (NW)

1817 3 3 Trees blown out of their roots in the evening of this

day. Stormy - with showers of rain, snow and hail.

Thunder and lightning about 6pm in the SSE - distant (W NW)

1817 3 4 Showery all night. Stormy, with snow and rain (SW)

1817 8 30 Clouded - wet and stormy (SE)

1817 8 31 Wet and stormy (SE to SW)

1817 9 26 Stormy, with showers very high wind (SSW)

1817 10 29 Fine, but clouds and a breeze. Stormy and wet at

night (WSW)

1817 10 31 Blowing with some clouds and showers clear but stormy

night (WSW)

1817 11 10 Blowing and hazy - stormy and wet after midnight

(SSW)

1817 11 12 very wet morning - Blowing and clouded wet evening

and stormy night (SSE)

1817 11 28 Stormy, with haze. Slight rain in the afternoon (SW)

1817 12 7 Fair, but clouded - very heavy rain at night - stormy

(SSW)

1818 1 12 Blowing, with cloud and haze. very stormy evening and

night (SSW)

1818 1 14 wind, clouds, haze and heavy showers very stormy and

wet throughout the night (SW)

1818 1 15 wind and thick haze stormy with showers at night

(W NW)

1818 1 20 Blowing and overcast with wet damp. Stormy and wet

throughout the night (SW)

1818 1 22 Very wet and stormy (SW)

1818 2 4 very overcast with snow showers and sleet, heavy rain

and stormy at night (SE)

1818 2 23 Blowing, with some rain stormy in the evening A

considerable fall of snow (SW)

1818 2 24 Blowing and hazy - very wet afternoon - stormy night

(NNW SW)

1818 2 28 very wet morning. Blowing with some rain all day -

Stormy night floods (NW)

1818 3 3 Remarkable stormy and wet. Much lightning at night

(SW)

1818 3 21 Blowing with some hail showers very wet and stormy

late at night (WNW)

1818 4 8 Stormy, with snow, sleet and rain nearly constant for

24 hours. Great floods (NW)

1818 10 2 Morning very clear. day clouded very hard gale at

night (SSE)

1818 10 12 Blowing, but fair and pretty clear night and early

morning. Storm and rain (SW)

1818 12 2 Blowing and clouded very wet and stormy in night (WNW

SW)

1818 12 6 overcast, with some rain wet and stormy night (SW)

1819 1 8 Fine, with some clouds and haze, much rain at night,

wind changed to S - a storm (NE)

1819 1 10 Night very wet, cloudy day with rain. Rain and storm

last night (SSW)

1819 1 14 Very rainy and stormy night and morning, evening and

night clear (WSW to WNW)

1819 1 20 Morning clear - afterwards very overcast Storm and

rain (WNW)

1819 1 22 Rain and storm afternoon clear heavy shower in the

evening (SW)

1819 2 6 clear morning then hazy and afterwards very wet and

stormy (SW)

1819 2 21 Floods. Very wet and stormy morning and day - fair

evening and night (NW)

1819 2 24 Stormy, with some sleet (NNE)

1819 3 26 smart gales of wind a good deal of rain (SW)

1819 3 29 stormy and showery (WSW)

1819 9 4 very smart gale with slight rain. wet evening (SW)

1819 10 9 Stormy - with a good deal of rain (SE)

1819 11 29 Fine, with some clouds and very damp. clear afternoon

haze at night. This night late there was storm with

distant thunder and lightning (SW)

1819 12 3 Fine and clear - clouded evening very wet and stormy

night (SW)

1819 12 15 some showers of sleet - clouded. Very stormy and wet

night (WSW)

1819 12 16 Remarkably stormy morning - heavy rain - great floods

- heavy showers at night (SW)

1820 1 22 Light haze and blowing wind - overcast and stormy,

late much rain with lightning about 5 in the morning

(S)

1820 1 26 Damp, overcast and blowing lightning and stormy

before night (some snow still remaining snow blowing

out of the observatory grounds (W)

1820 3 10 Rather stormy. And mostly clouded (SSE SW)

1820 3 11 Rather stormy. And mostly clouded (SSW)

1820 8 9 Showers and a smart gale later clearer evening and

night (WNW)

1820 10 14 Overcast and blowing with showers Stormy later and

before morning (ESE)

1820 10 15 Blowing with some rain. Very stormy during the night

(SW)

1820 10 22 some showers and a smart gale (SW)

1821 1 30 Rain in the morning - stormy and clouded. much rain

at night (SSW)

1821 3 23 Blowing and hazy. Wet and stormy at night (WNW)

1821 3 30 Fine morning blowing day Wet and stormy night (SW)

1821 4 1 Blowing, with clouds - A very wet evening - stormy

night (WNW)

1821 5 7 very wet morning and day - stormy and wet night (SE)

1821 5 8 very fine morning clouds and showers throughout the

day and evening. Stormy and wet at night (SW)

1821 9 4 Showery - wet and stormy night (S)

1821 9 5 Blowing - wet and stormy night (SW)

1821 9 29 Stormy with showers (SW)

1821 10 21 Rather stormy with flying clouds and some showers

(SSW)

1821 10 26 Fine, but clouded with a breeze. Stormy and overcast

at night (WNW)

1821 11 2 Stormy and wet more settled at night (SW)

1821 11 15 Very wet. Stormy and wet night (SW SSW)

1821 11 30 Haze and drizzle - A very remarkably wet and stormy

night Trees blown out of roots in several places.

(Thunder distant) (SW NW)

1821 12 7 Stormy night, morning incessant rain during more than

12 hours (SW)

1821 12 12 wet evening and night - Stormy and very much and

constant rain (SW)

1821 12 17 Fine night and smart winds. Stormy and wet night (SW)

1822 2 1 clouded and rather stormy, stormy and wet evening and

night (W)

1822 2 2 very stormy and wet (SW)

1822 2 6 Stormy and hazy - wet and very stormy night (SSW and

SSE)

1822 2 16 Fine morning. Stormy afternoon. Rain from 10am until

4pm clouded night (SE)

1822 2 19 Haze, clouds and a breeze. Stormy with rain at night

(W)

1822 3 5 Hazy - wet evening very stormy and wet night (WNW)

1822 3 8 Stormy with heavy showers - Rain and sleet with some

hail (WSW NW)

1822 3 9 wet morning - overcast day stormy night hail showers

(W)

1822 3 10 Trees blown out of roots about noon - very stormy

(NW)

1822 4 22 Stormy and showery with some hail (SW)

1822 5 10 Showery, but not too heavy. Stormy and wet evening

and night 9NE)

1822 5 11 Very stormy and wet morning blowing day (NE)

1822 5 30 Clouds, haze and a breeze. Stormy in the evening and

some slight rain (W)

1822 9 11 Stormy, with some showers (SW NW)

1822 10 7 Stormy with some rain (SW)

1822 10 8 Rather stormy (SW)

1822 11 1 Stormy - wet evening and night (SW)

1822 11 2 Stormy. more settled at night (NW)

1822 11 14 Wet and stormy morning later damp, wet and stormy

night (W)

1822 11 23 Stormy with showers - Very wet evening and night (SW)

1822 11 24 Tolerable morning and day very wet and stormy night

(S)

1822 12 1 Tolerable day - stormy night with rain and snow (SW)

1822 12 5 Blowing with rain and snow. A very wet and stormy

evening and night. Trees torn out of root about 10pm - great damage done in Dublin and Liverpool. Calmed after mid-night (W SE NW)

1823 2 11 Snow rapidly melting. Floods stormy and wet evening

and night (SW)

1823 3 3 Wet - stormy at night with showers of sleet (SW NW)

1823 5 13 Stormy, and slight showers (WNW)

1823 9 29 wet and stormy night (SW)

1823 12 3 Showery and hazy. A very wet and stormy night - rain,

sleet and snow (SW)

1823 12 31 Fair, but mostly clouded very stormy night (SE)

1824 1 1 Very stormy, with some showers (SSE)

1824 2 12 Clouded with a breeze. Stormy with some rain (W)

1824 3 3 Very stormy morning with showers of hail and sleet.

clearer evening and night (NW)

1824 3 6 Cloudy, haze and a breeze - stormy night (E WNW)

1824 4 27 Stormy and very wet with some distant thunder (SW)

1824 6 14 Cloudy, haze and a breeze - wet evening and night.

rather stormy (NE)

1824 9 6 Rain in the morning clouds and a breeze. wet and

stormy before daylight (NE)

1824 9 7 Rain in the morning clouds and a breeze. wet and

stormy before daylight, but slight rain in the morning clouded night (WNW)

1824 9 13 Blowing and hazy - wet and stormy from midnight until

3am (WNW SW)

1824 11 13 Blowing, wet, damp and dark with a stormy night (W0

1824 11 16 Wet early - stormy day (WSW)

1824 11 22 wet and stormy after midnight (WNW)

1824 11 23 very wet and stormy before day. Floods clouded and

blowing (NW)

1824 12 22 wet and stormy morning showery blowing. clear evening

(NNW)

1824 12 25 wet and stormy very damp (W)

1824 12 29 snow in the morning, hazy with a breeze very stormy

and wet at night (WNW)

1824 12 30 Mostly clouded - stormy at night (W)

1824 12 31 Blowing and clouded - stormy at night (W)

1825 1 1 overcast and then wet - stormy with showers (W)

1825 1 17 Bright morning - then light haze. very stormy night,

and a large quantity of rain (W WSW)

1825 1 24 Clouded, with a breeze - stormy and wet night (WNW)

1825 1 26 Fine but mostly overcast, but very stormy and wet at

night (W SW)

1825 2 2 Stormy and wet, with rain and snow (WSW)

1825 2 28 Showery, with hail. stormy and wet towards morning

(W)

1825 3 1 stormy and wet morning blowing and hazy day wet and

clouded evening and night (SW)

1825 3 17 Blowing, with some rain very wet evening and stormy

until near midnight (SSE)

1833 4 3 Severe gale

1833 12 30 Gale of wind

1836 1 13 Gale and rain

1836 1 20 Gale

1836 1 21 Tremendous gale and rain

1836 1 26 Gale and rain

1836 2 29 Gale

1836 9 2 Rain all day and gale

1837 2 17 A tempest, much rain but it cannot find its way into

the gauge

1837 11 22 Stormy a tremendous gale

1838 1 20 Gale of wind and thaw

1838 2 15 Gale from E

1838 2 16 Maximum temperature 15 degrees Celsius but is this

evaporation of the snow. Gale and snow

1838 3 4 a fierce gale

1838 4 14 a tremendous gale from the NE

1838 9 21 Raining much and gale

1838 11 26 a gale from ESE

1838 12 1 a furious gale and rain

1839 1 6 a tremendous gale in the night

1839 1 12 a hard gale in the night

1839 2 7 but much more rain must have followed. Gale

1839 2 13 a hard gale in the night

1839 3 10 Snow in the evening and gale then rain

1839 3 30 Hard gale and rain, much more rain must have fallen

1839 7 18 Gale of wind

1839 9 24 Gale of wind

1839 10 7 0.0060 None in the other. Gale in night

1839 11 23 a gale NW

1839 12 30 Gale

1840 1 1 Strong gale from SW

1840 1 11 Strong gale

1840 1 12 gale increasing

1840 1 15 Strong gale

1840 1 20 tremendous gale

1840 1 23 very strong gale

1840 2 6-7 a furious gale which continued most of the day

1840 4 5 A gale of wind

1840 4 10 a gale

1840 6 7 a violent gale from SE

1840 8 9 Gale and rain

1840 9 15 A gale

1840 11 28 A hard gale of wind in the night

1840 12 6 A hard gale of wind

1840 12 9 The globe has been torn with the gale from W from its

base and some water lost, mended on the 11th

1841 1 2 a strong gale

1841 1 15 a furious gale

1841 3 17 a fierce gale

1841 3 18 a fierce gale

1841 3 19 heavy hail, gale

1841 3 20 gale (General comment on page - for all the times I

can remember such furious weather)

1841 4 22 Gale

1841 6 19 Gale from SSE

1842 1 11 A gale of exceptional fury

1842 1 25 A fearful gale.

Additional note entitled 'Gale of January 25th 1842'

The Barometer was at

20h 51m Bar 28.233 Attached Thermometer 40.8

21h 17m 28.184 40.8

22h 00m 28.156 40.8

Sun shone and the wind which was at first EES as shown by a fallen tree but at 20h 51m was SE veered to the westward and recommenced though perhaps less violently ending NW.

23h 30m Bar 28.161 Attached Thermometer 41

1842 2 26 a heavy gale

1842 3 6 a heavy gale

1842 4 26 a gale

1842 6 28 a gale of wind

1842 10 22 a fearful gale and rain

1842 11 8 a severe gale

1842 12 1 a heavy gale

1842 12 14 hard gale

1842 12 30 Hard gale

1843 1 9 Hard gale

1843 6 8 a gale

1843 10 5 Gale of wind

1843 10 6 Gale of wind

1843 10 7 Fresh gale

1843 10 11 Strong gale

1843 11 24 heaving gale

1843 12 14 Strong gale at 12

1843 12 21 heaving, whole gale

1844 2 24 Gale in the night

1844 6 8 a gale at noon

1844 6 12 raining - a gale at midnight

1845 1 10 the gale ceased suddenly

1845 1 25 Wind 11 in night

1845 3 30 Wind at 2pm 10 from SW, at 3pm WbyS 10, at 4pm W 10,

at 6pm WbyN 9

1846 1 24 the gale began at 8

1846 1 30 a heavy gale

1846 3 2 a tremendous gale in night, my wind gauge and round

rain gauge blown down about 2 am. a gale in night the

round gauge blown off

1846 3 15 a hard gale

1846 8 11 a storm of wind and rain in the night

1846 10 13 a tremendous gale but short during the night

1847 1 14 A heavy gale in the night

1847 1 24 a heavy gale

1848 3 22 a gale in the night

1848 12 15 a very heavy gale during day

1848 12 18 vane of anemometer broken by the gale

1850 11 23 a terrible gale at 3pm above 12

1851 1 16 tremendous gale. gale continued

1851 3 25 It blew 10 during the day

1852 12 29 violent storm all day

1853 4 6 Storm during night

1855 12 21 Bar heaving hail falling. Very violent gale during

the night (from hourly)

1858 4 5 veering much: a hard gale

1859 3 11 a very heavy gale

1859 3 12 Force up to 11 and squally

1860 12 29 a heavy gale since morning

1861 2 14 A fresh gale

1861 2 20 heavy gales

1861 3 5 a very heavy gale

1861 3 7 A hard gale. Barometer heaving

1861 3 17 a heavy gale

1861 12 11 rain. A gale

1862 1 16 a gale

1862 1 27 A heavy gale

1862 7 24 blowing a gale

1863 1 23 singularly stormy forms

1863 4 5 a very heavy gale

1864 7 31 a spot intensely bright and big, haze a furious gale

for 6 hours from 8am to 2pm. Aurora at night.

1864 10 22 heavy gale

1864 11 29 heavy and beating rain. Storm

1865 12 30 violent storm - at 11.30 barometer 28.530

1866 4 15 stormy showers all day

1866 4 16 stormy showers all day

1866 9 25 gale in night and beginning at 7am

1866 12 6 a fearful gale

1867 4 29 a heavy gale

1867 10 26 a very heavy gale

1868 11 3 heavy gale barometer heaving blowing a furious gale

1870 12 14 stormy

1871 1 15 very stormy

1871 2 3 stormy

1871 2 5 stormy

1871 9 30 stormy

1872 10 22 very stormy

1872 10 31 very stormy. Thunder at 7 o'clock

1873 7 29 stormy

1875 3 8 stormy

1876 3 6 stormy showers all day. Snow early

1877 3 25 Downpour and storm all day

1877 4 15 blustery. Storm and rain all day

1881 11 26 heavy gale and heaving gusts and showers

1882 10 1 heavy gale throughout the day wind blew and rainfall

from SSE, several trees were blown down in the

observatory grounds wind 48 miles at 5 pm. S M.J.

1884 1 26 Snow and sleet. Heavy gale from SW, velocity 67 mph

at 5pm. Barometer read 27.768 at 6pm

1884 2 21 Stormy night

1884 10 25 Very stormy

1884 10 30 Very stormy

1885 2 21 Very stormy day

1885 9 30 Wind S, Force 6* from 3 to 5am

1886 3 9 Very stormy day

1886 3 30 Stormy afternoon, 45 mph at 3.30pm. Splendid aurora

9pm

1886 4 7 Very stormy day

1886 12 8 Great storm. Uncorrected 10.35 27.540 39.8, 12.35

27.238 39.7, 2.35 27.394 39.7

1888 10 26 Very stormy am

1888 11 10 Very stormy morning

1888 11 16 Wind 60 mph between 8 and 9am

1889 10 7 Great storm night and early morning

1890 1 5 Gale during night and early morning. Very stormy day

1890 1 14 Great gale in the afternoon

1890 1 18 Great gale night 17th-18th

1890 1 19 Great gale night 18th-19th

1890 1 25 Stormy morning. Very stormy day

1891 1 31 Gale from midnight until 9am

1891 9 25 Very stormy evening

1891 9 26 Very stormy morning

1891 10 5 Strong gale

1891 10 13 Strong gale. Barometer incorrect at 4pm 27.920.

Maximum velocity of wind 46 mph, 6-7pm

1891 12 10 Very stormy

1892 2 1 Very stormy morning

1892 9 15 Strong gale

1892 10 26 Strong gale, evening and night

1893 2 8 Velocity of wind 39 miles at midnight 7th-8th

1893 2 10 Very stormy morning

1893 7 21 Very stormy, wind 35 mph 10am

1893 11 18 Stormy

1893 12 7 Very stormy night

1894 1 10 Wind 39 mph 4-5am

1894 1 13 Wind 40 mph 0-5am

1894 1 20 Wind 39 mph 0-3am

1894 2 7 Wind 40 mph 8am

1894 2 11 Wind 40 mph in the afternoon

1894 2 23 Wind 40 mph 2pm

1894 3 11 Wind 45 mph 1-2am

1894 12 22 Great hurricane early morning. Velocity of wind 48

mph at 1am

1895 11 6 Very stormy night and early morning

1895 11 10 Very stormy evening

1896 10 8 Very stormy morning. Stormy day

1897 2 20 Stormy evening

1897 3 2 Stormy until 3.30pm

1898 12 27 Stormy morning

1899 1 12 Stormy morning

1899 3 28 Very stormy and squally afternoon

1900 1 19 Stormy morning

1900 2 23 Very stormy day

1900 12 20 Great storm (maximum velocity 53 miles 8pm)

1901 9 8 Very stormy morning

1901 11 12 Very stormy day

1902 10 15 Very stormy morning

1902 12 16 Very stormy night (15-16)

1903 2 27 Great storm early morning

1908 2 22 Stormy day

1908 12 28 Snow and sleet from 10am, gale in evening, wind 40

mph

1909 4 3 Very stormy night and morning

1909 4 22 Very stormy day

1909 10 7 Stormy and squally

1909 10 14 Stormy day, showers

1910 1 9 Stormy day, some squalls

1910 2 19 Stormy and showery

1910 2 20 Stormy and showery

1910 10 31 Very stormy

1910 11 6 Squally and stormy

1911 2 16 Overcast, stormy

1911 2 23 Squally and stormy

1911 4 18 Stormy and showery

1911 4 19 Stormy and showery

1911 10 30 Stormy and squally

1911 11 5 Stormy, showery

1911 11 14 Stormy, damp

1911 12 1 Stormy morning, rain pm

1912 2 28 Overcast stormy evening

1912 10 27 Fine, rather stormy

1912 11 10 Showers am stormy

1912 11 26 Very stormy till 2pm

1912 12 13 Stormy, overcast

1912 12 19 Overcast, stormy, mild

1912 12 24 Heavy showers, stormy

1913 1 3 Fine am stormy evening

1913 1 9 Very stormy; drizzle pm

1913 1 11 Overcast after very stormy and rainy night

1913 2 7 Squally and stormy

1913 3 5 Stormy, some showers

1913 11 18 Very stormy; a few showers

1913 11 19 Fine am, overcast and stormy pm

1913 11 23 Overcast, stormy

1914 11 10 Very fine day, stormy evening

1914 12 2 Stormy and showers

1914 12 3 Fine am, stormy 3-5pm

1914 12 6 Very stormy and squally 1-4pm

1914 12 7 Fine but rather stormy

1914 12 8 Rain from 1pm, stormy

1915 1 1 Stormy and showery

1915 2 5 Fine an, stormy and squally pm

1915 2 16 Rain and storm in the evening

1915 10 27 Overcast, stormy and squally from 5pm

1915 11 12 Stormy, sleet and rain

1915 12 29 Overcast, showers, stormy evening

1915 12 30 Fine day, stormy evening

1916 1 19 Stormy and squally

1916 1 23 Overcast, stormy evening

1916 1 29 Overcast, stormy

1917 10 24 Wet stormy day, overcast

1918 10 6 Fine day, stormy, few hail showers

1918 11 2 Clearing after stormy night, changeable and squally

evening

1918 11 7 Overcast, blustering some rain, violent storm and

rain

1918 12 7 Fine morning, windy, cloudy - afternoon, evening wet

and stormy

1918 12 17 Cold clear morning, wet and stormy evening and night

1919 1 1 Dull after stormy night

1919 9 4 Clearing, very wet and stormy early morning

1919 12 5 Wet and stormy

1919 12 10 Stormy and wet

1919 12 13 Violent gale, and squalls afternoon to dark

1919 12 14 Gale blowing, overcast, threatening

1919 12 26 Stormy and wet all day

1920 1 8 Fine but dull after gale during night

1920 1 26 Fine, cold, after gale

1920 1 27 Whole gale all day. Violent rain squalls

1920 1 31 Overcast rain squalls. Fine afternoon. Gale at night

flying wind squalls

1920 5 18 Very wet and stormy all day

1920 10 3 Wet and stormy all day

1920 10 30 Fine afternoon, wet and stormy night

1920 11 14 Very wet afternoon. Stormy night

1920 11 30 Wet and stormy afternoon

1920 12 3 Gale early. Squally, showery, morning

1921 1 17 Gale early. Dull morning.

1921 1 21 Fine breezy day. Gale, night flying spurts of drizzle

1921 3 15 Gale blowing, mild, slight showers

1921 3 16 Gale early. Fine bright morning, strong breeze

1921 12 30 Stormy wet morning. Barometer 11h 29.3923 corrected

1922 1 15 Cold stormy and wet

1922 1 18 Storm and rain early. Bright morning

1922 4 15 Overcast morning, Very wet afternoon. Cold stormy

night

1922 12 25 Gale, squally showers

1923 2 5 Squally showers afternoon. Wild stormy night. Gusts

of rain

1923 2 6 Heavy rain and storm early. Wet morning

1923 2 9 Very wet - wild and stormy night

1923 12 7 Wet and stormy

1924 12 4 Gale and rain

1924 12 13 Gale and rain early

1924 12 26 Cloudy threatening afternoon. Gale and rain night

1924 12 27 Gale and rain early. Bright morning

1924 12 29 Stormy and wet afternoon and night

1925 1 1 Gale and rain. Gale and rain all day. Lightning at

night

1925 1 2 Gale and rain. Violent hail and sleet showers. Gale

all day. Lightning at night

1925 1 13 Violent gale and rain afternoon and night

1925 1 14 Gale and some rain early, fine morning

1925 1 29 Wind and rain. Gale early. Showers forenoon

1925 2 8 Gale and rain afternoon. Squally evening later

1925 2 10 Gale and rain noon. Less wind afternoon, wet

1925 2 22 Bright day. Strong gale and rain at night

1925 2 24 Gale and rain

1926 1 26 Gale. Wild wet afternoon. Driving drizzle night

1926 11 5 Gale early. Heavy squalls. Barometer 7h 28.280 inches

1927 1 27 Snow showers afternoon. Gale at night

1927 1 28 Violent gale. Rain squalls. Violent gale. Much

damage. Sunshine ball disintegrated by lightning

1928 1 1 Gale and rain afternoon

1928 1 6 Gale and rain early. Squally

1928 1 10 Gale early. Rain squalls

1928 1 12 Gale and driving rain

1928 1 21 Gale and rain

1928 1 25 Storm and rain afternoon. Hail showers at night

1928 1 31 Gale and rain afternoon

1928 2 8 Gale all day. Rain at night

1928 2 10 Storm and rain. Fierce hailstorm 9.5h (line squall?).

Violent snow squalls afternoon. Snow lying. Fierce

gale at night. Much lightning

1928 2 11 Storm, rain and sleet all night

1928 2 15 Rain early. Gale blowing. Very warm. Gale all day.

Dry

1928 8 7 warm, stormy

1928 10 20 Gale early. Barometer 28.22 (uncorrected) midnight

1928 11 22 Wet and stormy

1928 11 23 Wet and stormy. Gale and rain. Heavy squalls

afternoon, moderating at night

1928 12 25 Gale of wind and rain. Strong wind, dry 21h

1929 11 11 Gale and rain

1929 11 25 Gale midnight. Fine morning

1929 12 2 Gale and rain early. Clearing 11h

1929 12 5 Gale and rain early

1929 12 6 Sunny. Gale moderated

1929 12 11 Gale. Violent squalls

1929 12 13 Very wild. Gale forenoon

1929 12 20 Cold, windy. Gale later

1929 12 24 Bright until 13h. Violent gale and rain night

1929 12 25 Violent gale and rain all night. Gale and heavy rain

squalls all day